The Rouge Mountain of the Silk Road: Exploring the Majestic Yanzhi Mountain

1.Located in the heart of the Hexi: Corridor between the Qilian Mountains and the Longshou Mountains, Yanzhi Mountain (also historically known as Yanzi Mountain or Rouge Mountain) stands as a profound sentinel of history and natural beauty. Situated approximately 40 kilometers southeast of Shandan County in Zhangye City, Gansu Province, it is a primary branch of the Qilian Mountains, reaching a maximum altitude of 3,978 meters. Known as the "Little Jiangnan of the Frontier," the mountain offers a lush sanctuary of primeval forests, alpine meadows, and flowing springs that contrast sharply with the arid Gobi desert landscapes surrounding it.

The mountain’s history is inextricably linked to the rise and fall of ancient empires. In 121 BC, the Han Dynasty's legendary General Huo Qubing launched a western expedition that defeated the Xiongnu tribes here, bringing the region under imperial control. This loss was so devastating to the Xiongnu that they composed a famous lament: "If we lose our Yanzhi Mountain, our women will have no rouge (Yanzhi) to beautify their faces," referring to the red flowers (Rouhong) native to the mountain used for making cosmetics.

Cultural and international exchange reached a historic peak here during the Sui Dynasty. In 609 AD, Emperor Yang of Sui hosted the Wanguo Expo (the first true international trade fair) at Yanzhi Mountain, welcoming envoys and merchants from 27 nations of the Western Regions. This event solidified the mountain’s status as a vital hub for the Silk Road. Today, visitors can still explore cultural relics like the Zhongshan Temple, which reflects a fusion of Buddhist and Taoist heritage spanning centuries.

Geologically, the mountain is famous for its "Wanshan Red" phenomenon. The iron-rich rocks of the mountain peaks reflect sunlight to create a vibrant red glow, especially stunning during the "golden hours" of sunrise and sunset. Whether exploring the deep Yanzhi Canyon, walking through forests of Qilian spruce and cypress, or admiring the alpine wildflower seas, travelers will find a landscape that breathes with the spirit of ancient caravans and military legends.